ETFs and funds5 min read
ETF Bid-Ask Spread: How to Calculate the Cost
Calculate an ETF bid-ask spread in cents, percent, and dollars. Learn how to read the 30-day median spread and why a closing-price chart cannot show your fill.
Read the noteFinance and portfolio guides.
Practical guides to everyday finance, historical portfolios, and public filings. Choose a topic to find the explanation or calculator you need.
Portfolio and market education
Understand allocations, ETFs, historical returns, and the limits of a chart.
Earnings and market context6 min read
Berkshire Q3 2026 Buybacks: What $9.6 Billion Does to Share Count
Berkshire Q3 2026 buybacks explained: convert Class A and B repurchases, distinguish share counts, and keep buyback spending separate from stock returns.
Read the noteETFs and funds5 min read
ETF Portfolio Turnover Ratio: What It Measures and Where to Find It
Learn how to read an ETF portfolio turnover ratio, find it in a prospectus, and compare it with fund expenses and historical performance.
Read the noteInvestment returns5 min read
How to Calculate Stock Correlation From Daily Returns
Learn how to calculate stock correlation in Excel from matching daily returns, with a worked example that shows why correlating closing prices gives a different answer.
Read the noteEarnings and market context5 min read
Alphabet Q3 2026 Earnings: Why EPS Fell While Revenue Grew
Alphabet Q3 2026 earnings explained: trace the gap between revenue growth and lower EPS, inspect investment losses, and frame a historical GOOGL comparison.
Read the noteReading the chart7 min read
Sharpe Ratio vs Sortino Ratio: Comparing Portfolio Risk and Return
Sharpe ratio vs Sortino ratio explained with a worked example. Compare overall volatility with below-target shortfalls and check the inputs behind each number.
Read the noteETFs and funds7 min read
Tracking Error vs Tracking Difference: How to Read an ETF's Index Gap
Tracking error vs tracking difference explained with ETF examples. Calculate the return gap, measure its variability, and check what a historical chart can show.
Read the noteEarnings and market context5 min read
Tesla Q3 2026 Earnings: Why Free Cash Flow Rebounded but Fell 62%
Tesla Q3 2026 earnings explained: reconcile the free cash flow rebound with its 62% yearly decline, check capex, and frame a historical TSLA comparison.
Read the noteReading the chart7 min read
Portfolio Return Contribution: How to Calculate What Each Stock Added
Calculate portfolio return contribution from starting weights and returns. Follow a worked example in percentage points and dollars, then check a historical replay.
Read the noteETFs and funds7 min read
ETF NAV vs Market Price: Why the Returns Can Differ
ETF NAV vs market price explained with premium and discount calculations. See why NAV returns and closing-price returns can differ over the same dates.
Read the noteEarnings and market context5 min read
JPMorgan Q3 2026 Earnings: Why Net Interest Income Grew 13% or 6%
JPMorgan Q3 2026 earnings explained: reconcile 13% net interest income growth with 6% excluding Markets, then frame a historical JPM stock comparison.
Read the noteInvestment returns7 min read
Rolling Returns vs Trailing Returns: How Start Dates Change the Result
Rolling returns vs trailing returns explained with a three-year example. Calculate moving-window returns, check overlapping periods, and compare historical results.
Read the noteInvesting basics6 min read
Stock Split vs Reverse Stock Split: Shares, Value, and Charts
Stock split vs reverse stock split explained with share-count examples, split-adjusted prices, cost basis, and checks before comparing historical returns.
Read the noteMarket context4 min read
Is the Stock Market Open on Columbus Day 2026?
Is the stock market open on Columbus Day 2026? Check October 12 stock and bond market schedules, Phoenix hours, and the dates behind a historical portfolio chart.
Read the noteEarnings and market context4 min read
PepsiCo Q3 2026 Earnings: Reported vs Organic Revenue Growth
PepsiCo Q3 2026 earnings explained: separate reported and organic revenue growth, check core EPS, and connect the release to a historical stock comparison.
Read the noteInvestment returns7 min read
Price Return vs Total Return: Does Your Stock Chart Include Dividends?
Price return vs total return explained with dividend examples. Calculate both, check reinvestment assumptions, and compare stock charts with fund performance reports.
Read the noteInvestment returns6 min read
Nominal vs Real Return: Did Your Portfolio Beat Inflation?
Nominal vs real return explained with worked examples: calculate inflation-adjusted investment returns, match CPI periods, and read a historical portfolio replay.
Read the noteEarnings and market context4 min read
Nike Q1 2027 Earnings: Why Margin Rose While Sales Fell
Nike Q1 2027 earnings showed lower sales but a higher gross margin. Understand the profit math, Nike Direct decline, and what the figures mean for comparisons.
Read the noteInvesting basics6 min read
What Is Portfolio Rebalancing? A Plain-English Guide
What is portfolio rebalancing? Learn how portfolio drift happens, how common methods work, and why costs and taxes matter.
Read the noteEarnings and market context4 min read
Costco Q4 2026 Earnings: Sales Growth, Comparable Sales, and EPS
Costco Q4 2026 earnings showed 11.2% net sales growth. Learn what adjusted comparable sales, the 16-week quarter, and a one-time EPS benefit add.
Read the noteReading the chart5 min read
How to Calculate Portfolio Drawdown: Formula and Example
Learn how to calculate portfolio drawdown from a previous peak, find maximum drawdown, and calculate the gain needed to recover after an investment loss.
Read the noteETFs and funds10 min read
ETF vs. Mutual Fund: What's the Difference for Beginners?
ETF vs. mutual fund explained for beginners: compare trading, pricing, fees, holdings, taxes, minimums, and the questions to ask before comparing funds.
Read the noteWeekly market replay7 min read
Stock Market This Week: September 14–18, 2026 and the Fed Rate Hike
Review the stock market this week for September 14–18, 2026, including the Fed rate hike, 5% Treasury yield, oil prices, and split index performance.
Read the noteInvesting basics5 min read
Brokerage Account vs. Portfolio Simulator: What’s the Difference?
Brokerage account vs portfolio simulator explained: learn what each one does, what a simulator can show, and why a historical replay is not a trade record.
Read the noteETFs and funds6 min read
How to Read an ETF Factsheet: Fees, Holdings, and Risks
Learn how to read an ETF factsheet, check its objective, holdings, benchmark, expense ratio, and risks before comparing its historical path.
Read the noteInvesting basics5 min read
What Is Dollar-Cost Averaging? A Plain-English Guide
What is dollar-cost averaging? Learn how regular investing works, how it differs from a lump-sum investment, and what a historical replay can and cannot show.
Read the noteInvesting basics10 min read
Stock vs. ETF: What's the Difference for a Beginner?
Compare a stock vs. ETF by ownership, diversification, trading, fees, risk, and the questions to ask before using either in a portfolio.
Read the noteWeekly market replay7 min read
Weekly Stock Market Performance: September 7 to 11, 2026
Review the weekly stock market performance for September 7 to 11, 2026, including the S&P 500, Dow, Nasdaq, Russell 2000, oil, inflation, and Treasury yields.
Read the noteInvestment returns8 min read
CAGR Calculator: How to Calculate Annualized Investment Return
Use a CAGR calculator to turn a starting value, ending value, and time period into an annualized investment return, then read the result with the right caveats.
Read the noteMarket context5 min read
Why Did Stocks Fall After the Jobs Report? August 2026 Explained
Why did stocks fall after the jobs report? Review the September 4, 2026 market reaction, weekly index performance, and the rate expectations behind it.
Read the noteWeekly market replay6 min read
Weekly Stock Market Performance: What Moved in the Week Ending August 28, 2026
Review the weekly stock market performance for the week ending August 28, 2026, including the S&P 500, Dow, Nasdaq Composite, and Russell 2000.
Read the noteHow it works8 min read
Stock Portfolio Tracker vs. Historical Replay: Which Tool Fits?
A stock portfolio tracker follows a real account, while a historical replay tests a defined allocation across past prices. Learn which question each tool can answer.
Read the noteETF comparisons7 min read
VTI vs. VOO: Total Market vs. S&P 500
Compare VTI vs VOO by market coverage, concentration, overlap, historical windows, and an illustrative starting amount without treating the result as a forecast.
Read the notePortfolio comparisons8 min read
Portfolio Comparison Calculator: How to Compare Two Stock Portfolios Fairly
Use a portfolio comparison calculator to compare two stock portfolios by holdings, weights, overlap, historical paths, and an illustrative $10,000 starting amount.
Read the noteReading the chart7 min read
Time-Weighted Return vs. Money-Weighted Return: Which Measure Fits?
Understand time-weighted return vs money-weighted return, how deposits and withdrawals change the result, and why a historical portfolio replay uses a narrower calculation.
Read the noteStock comparisons8 min read
How to Compare Two Stocks Over Time: A Fair Historical Framework
Learn how to compare two stocks over the same historical window, normalize their starting values, read price changes, and avoid treating a past chart as a forecast.
Read the notePortfolio basics7 min read
How to Check ETF Overlap With Your Stock Portfolio
Learn how to check ETF overlap with a stock portfolio, calculate direct exposure from fund holdings, and compare the historical path without treating the result as advice.
Read the noteHow it works4 min read
Backtesting vs. Historical Portfolio Replay: What’s the Difference?
Backtesting and historical portfolio replay are related but not identical. Learn which assumptions each approach can include and what Equity Replay actually measures.
Read the notePortfolio construction4 min read
Equal-Weight vs. Market-Cap-Weighted Portfolios
See how equal weighting and market-cap weighting give different influence to the same set of companies, then test the difference in a historical replay.
Read the noteReading the chart8 min read
How to Benchmark a Stock Portfolio: Choosing a Fair Comparison
Learn how to benchmark a stock portfolio, choose a relevant reference such as the S&P 500, and read a historical comparison without treating it as a prediction.
Read the notePortfolio basics4 min read
How to Diversify a Stock Portfolio by Sector
Learn how sector diversification works, where stock overlap hides, and how to test an illustrative allocation across historical windows.
Read the noteIndex comparisons4 min read
S&P 500 vs. Nasdaq-100: What Is the Difference?
Compare the S&P 500 and Nasdaq-100 by universe, weighting, overlap, and historical behavior without treating either index as a prediction.
Read the noteHow to use Equity Replay2 min read
How to Create a What-If Stock Portfolio With Percentages
A simple way to turn a list of stocks into an editable historical replay with clear weights and a chart you can inspect.
Read the noteReading the chart2 min read
How to Read a Portfolio Chart Across 1 Month, 6 Months, 5 Years, and 10 Years
The same allocation can tell different stories across different historical windows. Here is how to compare those views without overreading them.
Read the notePortfolio ideas2 min read
Five Portfolio Ideas to Try in Equity Replay
Start with a concrete portfolio idea, assign percentages, and use the historical chart to understand how the mix would have moved.
Read the noteHow it works2 min read
How Equity Replay Calculates a Historical Portfolio Replay
See exactly how weights, close prices, date ranges, and a starting value become the chart—without interim trades or rebalancing.
Read the notePersonal finance and calculators
Explore savings, taxes, retirement accounts, borrowing, and everyday financial estimates.
Taxes and investing6 min read
Wash Sale Rule Explained: The 61-Day Window and Cost Basis
Wash sale rule explained with dated examples: count the 61-day window, calculate replacement-share basis, and check dividend reinvestment, IRAs, and Form 1099-B.
Read the notePersonal finance6 min read
Debt Snowball vs Debt Avalanche: Compare Interest and Payoff Time
Debt snowball vs debt avalanche explained with the same $360 monthly budget. Compare interest, payoff time, and the assumptions behind a debt calculator.
Read the noteSaving and banking6 min read
Is Savings Account Interest Taxable? The $10 Rule and After-Tax Yield
Is savings account interest taxable? Learn when to report it, why the $10 Form 1099-INT threshold is not an exemption, and how to estimate after-tax yield.
Read the notePersonal finance7 min read
Sinking Fund vs Emergency Fund: How to Budget for Annual Bills
Sinking fund vs emergency fund explained with annual-bill examples, a monthly savings formula, and a way to avoid counting the same cash twice.
Read the noteSaving and banking7 min read
Money Market Account vs Money Market Fund: Insurance and Access
Money market account vs money market fund: compare FDIC and SIPC protection, cash access, APY and seven-day yield, and the limits of a stock-only replay.
Read the noteSaving and banking5 min read
APY vs. Interest Rate: How to Read a Savings Account Offer
APY vs. interest rate explained with a $10,000 savings example. Learn how compounding changes the yield and how to avoid counting it twice in a calculator.
Read the noteFinancial calculators5 min read
How to Calculate PMI: Monthly Cost Formula and Examples
Learn how to calculate PMI from your loan amount and annual rate, compare monthly cost examples, and check what a mortgage insurance calculator leaves out.
Read the notePersonal finance7 min read
Student Loan Payoff Calculator: How to Estimate Your Payoff Date
Use a student loan payoff calculator to estimate your payoff date and interest, compare fixed-payment scenarios, and see what an extra monthly amount changes.
Read the noteRetirement planning8 min read
401(k) vs. IRA: What’s the Difference for Retirement Saving?
401(k) vs. IRA explained in plain English: compare employer matches, tax treatment, investment choices, fees, access, and how both accounts fit together.
Read the noteFinancial calculators9 min read
Investment Fee Calculator: How Fees Affect Your Returns Over Time
Use an investment fee calculator to estimate how annual fees affect an illustrative balance, contributions, and long-term growth before comparing costs.
Read the noteTaxes and investing10 min read
How Are Stocks Taxed? Capital Gains, Dividends, and Cost Basis
How are stocks taxed? Learn the basic U.S. rules for capital gains, dividends, cost basis, and taxable brokerage accounts without confusing a historical return with a tax result.
Read the notePersonal finance9 min read
Emergency Fund vs. Investing: Where Should Your Next Dollar Go?
Emergency fund vs investing is less about picking a winner than matching money to its job. Use a practical framework for cash reserves, expensive debt, and long-term investing.
Read the noteSaving and banking9 min read
High-Yield Savings Account vs. CD: Which Fits Your Savings Goal?
Compare a high-yield savings account vs. CD by access, rate changes, early-withdrawal rules, deposit insurance, and the savings goals each account may fit.
Read the noteFinancial calculators7 min read
Mortgage Payment Calculator With Taxes, Insurance, and PMI
Use a mortgage payment calculator with taxes, insurance, and PMI to see principal, interest, estimated housing costs, and the assumptions behind a monthly payment.
Read the notePublic portfolio disclosures
Read public filings with their dates, reporting gaps, and limitations in mind.
Public disclosures7 min read
13F vs. 13D vs. Form 4: What Each Filing Shows
Understand 13F vs 13D vs Form 4, what each public disclosure reports, how current it is, and how to read investor portfolio snapshots without overinterpreting them.
Read the notePublic disclosures4 min read
What Is a 13F Filing? How to Read an Investor Portfolio Disclosure
Understand what Form 13F reports, what it leaves out, why it is delayed, and how to turn a filing into a careful historical portfolio snapshot.
Read the notePublic disclosures2 min read
How to Read a Berkshire Hathaway Portfolio Snapshot
A Berkshire filing can be a useful historical snapshot, but it should not be presented as Warren Buffett’s complete personal portfolio.
Read the noteAbout our educational content
Published by Equity Replay, an educational historical portfolio simulator operated by Quadri LLC. We use AI-assisted drafting. No independent financial, legal, or tax expert review is claimed.
Check the linked sources, article dates, and stated assumptions before relying on a number. Historical simulations are not forecasts, records of trades, or personal investment advice. Rules and market data can change after publication.
Found an error? Send a correction to our team.